Postpartum Depression: Symptoms and Causes

Becoming a new mother is often described as one of life's most rewarding and joyous moments. But what happens when overwhelming feelings of sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion replace that joy? Unfortunately, this is a reality for many mothers who experience postpartum depression.

This article will explore what postpartum depression is, its causes and risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. By shedding light on this critical subject, we hope to raise awareness and provide support for those affected by postpartum depression.                                                                                                                               

What is Postpartum Depression?

Postpartum depression is a serious mental health condition that affects some individuals after giving birth. It involves feelings of sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion, making it difficult for new mothers to care for themselves and their newborns. This mood disorder can persist for months or even longer and significantly impact a mother's daily life, her relationship with her baby, and her ability to bond with her child.               

Baby Blues Vs. Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression differs from the baby blues, a milder form of emotional distress that many new mothers experience. It's often associated with the hormonal changes and physical exhaustion accompanying childbirth. Unlike postpartum depression, the baby blues do not usually require medical intervention.

Baby blues symptoms include mood swings, irritability, crying spells, and feelings of sadness. The symptoms usually appear a few days after childbirth and resolve within two weeks.

Signs of Postpartum Depression

Understanding postpartum depression symptoms is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. Individuals suffering from the condition may experience different symptoms, but common postpartum depression signs include:

• Persistent sadness, irritability, or mood swings
• A lack of enjoyment or interest in daily activities
• Difficulty bonding with the baby
• Insomnia or excessive sleeping
• Changes in appetite (overeating or loss of appetite)
• Overwhelming fatigue or lack of energy
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Intense feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or inadequacy
• Thoughts of self-harm or harming the baby
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

What Causes Postpartum Depression?

There is no singular underlying cause for postpartum depression. Instead, it's likely the result of a combination of physical, emotional, and environmental factors. Postpartum depression causes can include the:

Hormonal changes

After childbirth, a mother's hormone levels, particularly estrogen, and progesterone, drop significantly. This sudden hormonal shift can contribute to mood instability and the development of postpartum depression.

Genetic predisposition

Mothers with a family history of depression or other mood disorders may be more susceptible to developing postpartum depression, suggesting that there may be a genetic component to the condition.

Environmental stressors

Caring for a newborn can be an overwhelming experience, particularly for first-time mothers grappling with physical and emotional demands. Sleep deprivation, social isolation, and a lack of support from friends and family can exacerbate anxiety and depression following delivery.

Birth complications

Complications during labor and delivery, such as an emergency C-section, premature birth, or a baby with health problems, can increase the risk of postpartum depression due to added stress and anxiety.

Breastfeeding difficulties

Mothers who experience difficulties breastfeeding, such as problems with latching or low milk supply, may be more prone to postpartum depression due to guilt, frustration, and inadequacy.     

Personal history

Individuals with a history of abuse, depression, anxiety, or other mental health conditions are at a higher risk of developing postpartum depression.

Read: Trauma-Informed Care: What It Is, and Why It's Important

Diagnosis of Postpartum Depression

Early intervention and a comprehensive approach to treatment and support can significantly improve the prognosis for mothers with postpartum depression. 

With the right screening tools and diagnostic criteria, healthcare providers can identify individuals at risk for postpartum depression and provide them with the necessary support and treatment.

1. Screening Tools

Various screening tools like the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) can assist healthcare providers in identifying people who may be vulnerable to postpartum depression.

2. Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression are similar to those for major depressive disorder, with a few additional considerations. The criteria for diagnosing postpartum depression include experiencing depression symptoms for at least two weeks after giving birth, with at least one symptom being either feelings of sadness or loss of interest or pleasure in activities.

3. Differential Diagnosis                                                               

Other conditions, such as postpartum anxiety and postpartum psychosis, can have similar symptoms to postpartum depression and must be ruled out by a healthcare provider.

Treatment and Support for Postpartum Depression

Seeking professional help is essential for managing postpartum depression. A healthcare provider can determine the extent of the condition and recommend the most appropriate treatment methods. These may include:

• Psychotherapy
• Medication
• Support groups 
• Lifestyle changes
• Social support
• Professional support
• Hormone therapy

Psychotherapy

Talk therapy can be a powerful tool for mothers with postpartum depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are two effective forms of psychotherapy that can help them overcome negative thought patterns, improve communication skills, and develop coping strategies to manage their symptoms.

Medication

Antidepressant medications, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can help alleviate symptoms of postpartum depression by regulating mood. A healthcare provider can recommend the appropriate medication, considering factors such as breastfeeding and the severity of the depression.

Support groups 

Postpartum depression support groups provide a safe space for mothers to share their experiences, learn from others going through similar challenges, and receive emotional support. These groups can be found in local communities or online.

Lifestyle changes

A combination of regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and proper sleep hygiene can positively impact your mood and overall health. Additionally, prioritizing self-care and setting aside time for relaxation and enjoyable activities can be beneficial.

Social support

Encouragement and assistance from friends and family are vital in helping a new mother cope with postpartum depression. Partners, relatives, and friends can provide practical support, such as helping with household chores and childcare, as well as emotional support by listening and offering reassurance.

Professional support

Engaging the help of a lactation consultant, doula, or postpartum nurse can provide valuable guidance and support during the postpartum period, particularly for mothers facing breastfeeding challenges or other postpartum difficulties.

Hormone therapy

Sometimes, healthcare providers may recommend estrogen replacement therapy to help balance hormone levels and alleviate postpartum depression symptoms. However, this treatment option should be carefully considered and discussed with a healthcare provider.

FAQs on Postpartum Depression

This section answers some of the most frequently asked questions about postpartum depression to help new mothers and their loved ones better understand this condition and its treatment options.

1. When does postpartum depression start?

Postpartum depression can manifest anytime within the first year after giving birth. However, it most commonly begins within the first three months postpartum. It's essential to be aware of when postpartum depression starts, as early recognition and intervention can make a significant difference in recovery.

2. How long does postpartum depression last?   

The length of postpartum depression can vary significantly depending on the severity of the symptoms and the individual. Some women may recover within a few months, while others may struggle with postpartum depression for a year or longer. Early intervention, support, and appropriate treatment can significantly improve recovery outcomes.

3. How common is postpartum depression?

Postpartum depression is more common than most people think. According to a CDC research, it affects approximately 1 in 8 mothers who give birth in the United States. It's essential to acknowledge that numerous individuals do not seek assistance for their symptoms, so their prevalence may be higher.

4. Can postpartum depression recur in subsequent pregnancies?

Yes, patients who have experienced postpartum depression in a previous pregnancy are at increased risk of experiencing it again in subsequent pregnancies. However, with appropriate treatment and support, the risk can be reduced.                       

5. Can postpartum depression affect the baby?

Postpartum depression can affect the baby. Infants of mothers with untreated PPD may experience delays in emotional and cognitive development and behavioral problems. In addition, PPD can affect the mother's ability to care for her baby, adversely affecting the infant's health and development.

Your Mental Health Matters - Seek Help for Postpartum Depression

Motherhood can be both rewarding and challenging, but it's essential to prioritize your mental health along the way. If you're experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression, don't hesitate to seek help. Our team at Circle City Midwifery is here to support you every step of the way. Contact us today at 951-547-4208 or email info@ccmidwifery.com to find out more about our services and how we can help.